Zimbabwe

Mine Action

Last updated: 29 November 2015

Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline: 1 January 2018
(Not on track to meet deadline) 

Recommendations for action

  • Zimbabwe should revise estimates on the size of remaining mine contamination on the basis of ongoing survey efforts and set a target for completion of all mine clearance.
  • Continued efforts should be made to ensure all operators are using appropriate land release methodologies and standards.
  • Greater efforts should be made to improve the quality of national reporting and the Zimbabwe Mine Action Centre (ZIMAC) should respond to requests for data from the international mine action community.
  • Zimbabwe should ensure an appropriate administrative framework for clearance operations is in place.
  • Zimbabwe should develop a resource mobilization plan and clarify how financial resources will be used to fulfil its extension request targets.

Contamination

At the end of 2014, the Republic of Zimbabwe had 199 confirmed hazardous areas (CHAs) containing mines, covering just under 63km2, across six locations (see table below).[1]

Contamination by location as of end 2014[2]

Mined area location

CHAs

Area (m2)

Musengezi to Rwenya

187[3]

28,025,706

Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner

4

13,600,000

Rusitu to Muzite Mission

1

15,000,000

Sheba Forest to Beacon Hill

5

5,000,000

Burma Valley

1

806,000

Lusulu

1

560,000

Total

199

62,991,706

 

Zimbabwe’s mine contamination, the overwhelming majority of which is antipersonnel, originates from the laying of minefields in the late 1970s during a conflict of decolonization. At the time of its independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was left with six distinct major mined areas along its borders with Mozambique and Zambia, laid by the Rhodesian Army.[4] Initially, antipersonnel mines were laid in very dense belts (reportedly 5,500 mines per kilometer of frontage) to form a “cordon sanitaire.” Over time, this cordon sanitaire was breached or subject to erosion and so, in many sections, a second belt of “ploughshare” directional fragmentation mines protected by antipersonnel mines were laid “inland” of the cordon sanitaire.[5] Antivehicle mines were used extensively by insurgents but most were detonated by vehicles or have since been cleared.[6]

In its fourth Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline extension request, submitted in December 2013, Zimbabwe reported remaining contamination of almost 209km2.[7] This was reduced to a total of under 63km2 of contamination remaining at the end of 2014, largely on the basis of a significant amount of land release by non-technical survey during that year and previously by international NGOs that began operating in 2013.[8] As of April 2015, remaining contamination comprised five minefields, referred to as: Musengezi to Rwenya,[9] Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner, Rusitu to Muzite Mission, Sheba Forest to Beacon Hill, and Lusulu. The Burma Valley minefield was completed in February 2015 and a former suspected hazardous area, at Kariba, was cleared of improvised explosive devices in June 2013.[10] 

Zimbabwe has reported that the population most at risk from the remaining mine threat are rural subsistence farmers and communities close to the Musengezi to Rwenya and Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner minefields.[11]

HALO Trust and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), the two NGOs conducting mine action in Zimbabwe, have reported that the mined areas are located close to populated areas and have considerable humanitarian, social, and economic impacts on communities.[12] In March 2015, HALO reported that in areas where it operates in the north-east of Zimbabwe, mines continue to block access to residential land, inhibit cross-border trading, deny small-scale farmers access to agricultural land, and separate communities from primary water sources, adversely affecting sanitation and livestock production.[13] The threat to livestock is particularly severe and with a heavy socio-economic impact as livestock is a major investment commodity in rural mine-affected areas in Zimbabwe. HALO estimated on the basis of a socio-economic survey that $55,000 worth of livestock had been lost due to mine accidents by just 10% of households along a 10km stretch of border minefield alone, prior to HALO’s clearance of the area.[14]

Zimbabwe has reported that clearance of mined areas will generate opportunities for commercial farming, business, and tourism, and construction of schools and clinics. Clearance will also enable safe border-crossing routes and allow for the return of more than 250 households in 13 communities that have been displaced and relocated to Mozambique as a result of the mine threat.[15]

Program Management 

The National Mine Action Authority of Zimbabwe (NAMAAZ) is a policy and regulatory body on all issues relating to mine action in Zimbabwe. ZIMAC was established in 2000 within the Ministry of Defense as the focal point and coordination center of all mine action in the country. ZIMAC is mandated to report to NAMAAZ.[16]

In 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the government of Zimbabwe to train ZIMAC personnel and to provide metal detectors, protective equipment, and trauma kits.[17] ZIMAC subsequently developed a joint strategy with the government of Zimbabwe and the ICRC as a follow-up to the 2012 cooperation agreement, which was extended to the end of 2014. In 2014, the ICRC continued its support to ZIMAC, to build its capacity to manage mine action operations, implement national mine action standards, strengthen demining operations, train demining instructors, and facilitate the provision of risk education. The ICRC also continued to organize workshops and train dozens of ZIMAC staff, particularly in quality assurance and information management.[18]

Under its latest Article 5 deadline extension request, Zimbabwe again pledged to relocate ZIMAC outside of military installations once the Ministry of Defense has secured the necessary funds.[19] The ICRC reported that at the end of 2014, ZIMAC was still housed within military premises; however ZIMAC’s mine clearance unit had benefited from donations of basic equipment, it said.[20]

ZIMAC, and, since 2013, HALO and NPA, conduct land release. Under its current extension request, Zimbabwe has reported that its remaining mined areas will be surveyed and cleared with support from HALO and NPA, with HALO tasked to survey and clear the Musengezi to Rwenya, Rushinga, and Mukumbura mined areas; NPA assigned survey and clearance of the Rusitu to Muzite Mission, Sheba Forest, and Burma Valley mined areas; and the Zimbabwean Armed Forces’ National Mine Clearance Squadrons (NMCS) responsible for survey and clearance of the Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner and Lusulu mined areas.[21]

In 2014, HALO deployed 10 manual demining sections and one survey team in its operations.[22] NPA increased its operational capacity from 20 to 30 deminers in 2014 as a result of increased donor funding.[23] ZIMAC reported that the NMCS had a capacity of three troops of 120 deminers as of April 2015.[24]

Strategic planning

In April 2015, Zimbabwe reported that it was in the process of developing a national strategic plan, which would be completed upon submission of NPA’s final survey reports of two minefields.[25] The ICRC reported that, with its help, ZIMAC had prepared a plan of action for increased demining operations on the Mozambican border in 2014. A cross-border demining cooperation agreement between Zimbabwe and Mozambique had also been drafted with assistance from the ICRC, but had not been finalized by the end of 2014.[26] Mozambique declared completing clearance of all antipersonnel mine contamination on its territory in September 2015.[27] 

Standards

National mine action standards took effect in July 2013.[28]

Land Release

The total mined area released by clearance and technical survey in 2014 was approximately 0.5km2 (the various figures provided by Zimbabwe are inconsistent, as discussed below),compared to almost 0.8km2 in 2013.[29] A further 151km2 was cancelled by non-technical survey, resulting in significant overall land release.[30]

At the time of submission of its latest extension request in December 2013, Zimbabwe reported that since independence in 1980, a total of more than 101km2 of contamination had been “cleared” with the destruction of 208,338 antipersonnel mines.[31]

Survey in 2014

Survey of remaining contaminated areas was expected to be completed by September 2014 under Zimbabwe’s current extension request.[32] As of December 2014, Zimbabwe reported that survey operations had been completed in Rusitu to Muzite Mission, Sheba Forest to Beacon Hill, Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner, and Burma Valley minefields.[33] In April 2015, ZIMAC reported that remaining non-technical survey had been completed in the Musengezi to Rwenya minefield as of February 2015.[34]

HALO and NPA released a total of just over 151km2 of mined areas through survey in 2014. Nearly all was cancelled through non-technical survey, the majority by HALO, while 114,823m2 was reduced by technical survey.[35] An additional 48.5km2 was confirmed as mined by technical survey (see table below).[36] NPA and HALO began survey in 2013.[37]

HALO reported that as a result of its survey activities in 2014 in Mashonaland Central and East, it was able to cancel 80% of the previously estimated contaminated area. This was due to better definition and narrowing of minefield boundaries rather than cancelling entire tasks.[38] NPA reported that only half of its survey task had been completed at the end of 2014, but stated that based on survey results, existing estimates of the total size of contamination would be significantly reduced.[39] 

Survey in 2014[40]

Operator

Area cancelled (m²)

Mined areas confirmed

Area confirmed (m²)

Area reduced by technical survey (m2)

HALO (Mashonaland East and Central)

120,604,294

187

28,025,706

114,823

NPA (Manicaland)

30,720,000

3

20,480,000

0

ZIMAC[41]

0

N/R

N/R

N/R

Total

151,324,294

190

48,505,706

114,823

Note: *N/R = not reported.

Clearance in 2014

According to its Article 7 report for 2014, Zimbabwe states that a total of 1.1km2 or, alternatively, 0.41km2 of mined areas was cleared in 2014,[42] compared to 0.8km2 in 2013. Given the inconsistencies, NPA has taken the clearance figures directly from the two international operators and added the reported clearance by the NMCS. The Article 7 report acknowledges the support of the ICRC, including its provision of demining equipment, training assistance, and information management hardware to ZIMAC, and the commencement of mine action operations by HALO and NPA in 2013.[43]

In 2014, a total of 0.34km2 was cleared by HALO and NPA with the destruction of 3,863 antipersonnel mines, as set out in the table below.[44] HALO reported that the significant increase in its own clearance figures in 2014 compared to 2013 was due to the fact that its clearance operations only commenced in late 2013, so figures for 2014 are its first for a full year’s work.[45] NPA stated that its increase in area cleared in 2014 compared to 2013 was due to the introduction of systematic technical survey methodology and an increase in daily productivity rates as deminers gained greater experience in the field.[46]

Mine clearance in 2014[47]

Operator

Mined areas released

Area cleared (m²)

Antipersonnel mines destroyed

Antivehicle mines destroyed

UXO destroyed

HALO (Mashonaland East and Central)

5

227,713

3,681[48]

2

5

NPA (Manicaland)

0

115,081

182[49]

0

1

ZIMAC[50]

2

150,075

3,295

0

N/R

Total

7

492,869

7,158[51]

2

6

Note: *N/R = not reported.

 

Article 5 Compliance

In June 2014, Zimbabwe was granted an Article 5 mine clearance deadline extension of three years, until 1 January 2018. Since its initial Article 5 deadline expired on 1 March 2009, it has submitted three previous extension requests, the last of which expired on 1 January 2015. The current extension until 1 January 2018 is to enable further survey and clearance, but Zimbabwe is not committing itself to complete its clearance obligations within the requested period, nor will it manage to do so.

Under the current three-year extension, Zimbabwe is undertaking “to clarify the remaining challenge, understand what progress will be possible once partners operate at full capacity and once additional support has been identified, produce a detailed plan, and submit a subsequent request for fulfilment of its Article 5 obligations.”[52] The purpose of the extension period is also to complete survey of all remaining areas and to clear approximately 4km2 of mined area.[53] Zimbabwe intends to meet the following milestones: clearance of 1.23km2[54] and the development of a national strategic plan on the basis of survey results in 2015; clearance of 1.28km2 in 2016; and clearance of 1.51km2 and the submission of a new clearance plan in 2017.[55]

Zimbabwe has claimed that three primary factors have prevented it from implementing its Article 5 obligations since becoming a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty: inadequate funding for demining from the government, insufficient demining equipment, and the impact of sanctions “imposed by some potential donors.” However, Zimbabwe reported that many of these conditions no longer affect it in 2014 in light of the support it is currently receiving from international organizations.[56] In its latest extension request, Zimbabwe enumerated possible risks and assumptions that could impede it from achieving future extension request milestones, including heavy rains, difficult terrain, metal contamination in ploughshare minefields, administrative delays, and lack of funding.[57]

In 2014, HALO reported receiving in-kind support from the government of Zimbabwe in the form of the duty-free importation of goods.[58] NPA reported receiving assistance from the government, which provided explosives for mine destruction, while it was in the process of obtaining its own license to procure explosives, a long and complicated process in Zimbabwe. It also reported that government authorities had pledged to provide mechanical assets such as bulldozers if required to service or open access routes.[59] 

Zimbabwe forecast that activities planned over the course of its three-year extension request will cost a total of US$12.97 million, with $2.875 million to be provided by the government of Zimbabwe and more than US$10 million to be sought from international donors through partner organizations.[60] In granting the extension request, States Parties urged Zimbabwe to develop a resource mobilization strategy at the earliest possible date.[61]

In October 2015, HALO was optimistic that Zimbabwe was now on track to meet its 1 January 2018 extension request targets for further survey and clearance, in light of the significant amount of area cancelled through non-technical survey since the start of 2014.[62] Neither HALO nor NPA, though, expressed confidence as to when Zimbabwe, based on present operational capacity and productivity rates, could fully complete antipersonnel mine clearance unless significantly more funding is made available to all operators. NPA estimated that with sufficient funding, Zimbabwe might be able to complete its Article 5 clearance obligations within five years and emphasized that increased donor funding would facilitate far greater achievements.[63] HALO reported that there were too many unknowns, particularly with respect to funding, to predict when Zimbabwe might achieve full completion of mine clearance.[64] In 2015, HALO claimed that it would need to expand its present capacity of more than 150 staff “by a factor of 5 or 6 in order to get the job done in 10 years.” It added that the inclusion of mechanical assets could improve productivity in areas with high metal contamination and/or deeply buried mines.[65]



[1] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Forms C and F, and Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” pp. 2 and 9. In its Article 7 report, Zimbabwe reports multiple contradictory totals for the amount of contamination remaining at the end of 2014. Under Form C, it lists a total of 202 areas with a size of 62,632,669m2 remaining as of 31 December 2014; however later in the same table it lists the same areas and corresponding sizes but erroneously calculates the total size as 62,443,206m2. According to HALO, both estimates double count areas listed as Rushinga and Mukumbura, which are already accounted for in the total size reported for the Musengezi to Rwenya mined area (see footnote four below). Email from Tom Dibb, Programme Manager, HALO, 17 October 2015. Later under Form F, Zimbabwe reports that a total 188 mined areas remained to be addressed under its Article 5 obligations with a total size of 62,433,206m2 at the end of 2014. On p. 2 of Annex 1, it reports again that as of 31 December 2014, the remaining area to be addressed totaled 197.23km2 across eight mined locations, over three-times that reported throughout the rest of the report. It then states that “current contamination,” presumably as of 30 April 2015, the date of the Article 7 report submission, was a total of 62,443,206m2 remaining, however this number does not match the total areas reported in the same table, which actually add up to 62,569,486m2. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” pp. 2 and 9.

[2] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Form C.

[3] HALO reported that the Musengezi to Rwenya confirmed mined area location with a total size of 28,025,706m2 includes the areas Rushinga (reported as 2,500m2) and Mukumbura (reported as Mukumbura, with a size of 126,280m2, and Mukumbura Encirclement, with a size of 7,500m2, but also as Mukumbura, with a size of 750,000m2) that ZIMAC double counts in its April 2015 Article 7 report. According to HALO, of the total 187 areas comprising Musengezi to Rwenya, a total of 180 areas covering a total of 27,867,284m2 are confirmed to contain antipersonnel mines; six areas covering a total of 45,350m2 are contaminated by antivehicle mines; and the remaining area with a size of 113,072m2 is classified as “battle area/cache.” Email from Tom Dibb, HALO, 17 October 2015; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Forms C and F.

[4] Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary (received 31 December 2013), issued as Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference document CONF/2014/WP.4, 5 June 2014, p. 1.

[5] HALO Trust, “Zimbabwe, History of Minelaying,” undated; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary (received 31 December 2013), issued as Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference document CONF/2014/WP.4, 5 June 2014. It is stated that: “Three different types of mined areas can be found in Zimbabwe: Cordon Sanitaire, consisting of three rows of subsurface antipersonnel mines laid in a standard pattern with a width of 25 metres emplaced close to or on the international border; ploughshare minefields, consisting essentially of three rows of ploughshare directional fragmentation antipersonnel mines mounted on 0.5 to 1 metre high stakes, protected by sub-surface antipersonnel mines; and reinforced ploughshare minefields, which consist of 6 rows of ploughshare directional fragmentation antipersonnel mines mounted on 0.5 to 1 metre high stakes, protected by sub-surface antipersonnel mines.” Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, submitted by the President of the 13th Meeting of States Parties on behalf of the States Parties mandated to analyze requests for extensions, 18 June 2014, p. 3.

[6] HALO, “Zimbabwe, History of Minelaying,” undated.

[7] Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, pp. 3 and 5.

[8] HALO and NPA released a total of just over 151km2 of mined areas through survey in 2014. Nearly all was cancelled through non-technical survey, the majority by HALO, while 114,823m2 was reduced by technical survey. Responses to NPA questionnaires by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015; and by Learnfirst Musiza, Acting Programme Manager, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, Advisor, Department for Humanitarian Disarmament, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[9] Includes the mined areas of Rushinga and Mukumbura.

[10] Email from Learnfirst Musiza, Operations Manager, NPA, 19 October 2015; and Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 6.

[11] Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, pp. 1–2.

[12] Responses to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015; and by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[13] HALO Press Release, “HALO clears over 5,000 mines in Zimbabwe,” 10 April 2015.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, pp. 2–4.

[16] Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 7.

[17] ICRC, “Zimbabwe: Living with the dread of an invisible enemy,” 29 November 2013. In 2012 and 2013 through November, 69 deminers were trained on international mine action standards, and the ICRC donated 50 sets of mine detection equipment and deminer personal protective equipment.

[18] ICRC, “Annual Report 2014,” pp. 240–244.

[19] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 6. Zimbabwe made the same commitment in its (Second) extension request of 2010.

[20] ICRC, “Annual Report 2014,” pp. 240–244.

[21] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 4; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 27.

[22] Response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015. HALO reported that any change in capacity in 2015 would be dependent on donor support.

[23] Response to NPA questionnaire by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[24] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” p. 7.

[25] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), p. 12.

[26] ICRC, “Annual Report 2014,” pp. 240–244.

[27] UNDP in Mozambique, “Mozambique declared ‘mine free,’” undated.

[28] Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 7.

[29] Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013; and statement of Zimbabwe, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Standing Committee on Mine Action, Geneva, 11 April 2014.

[30] Different and inconsistent figures were reported in Zimbabwe’s Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for 2014.

[31] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” pp. 3–9; and analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 4.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 5.

[34] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” p. 3.

[35] Responses to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015; and by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[36] Ibid.

[37] In 2013, NPA conducted non-technical survey on 17.15km2 across three mined areas but surprisingly no land was released as a result, while HALO carried out non-technical survey of 7.8km2 of land on the Musengezi to Rwenya minefields. Emails from Christian Andersen, Desk Officer, Africa, NPA, 13 February 2014; and from Tom Dibb, HALO, 20 February 2014.

[38] Response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015.

[39] Response to NPA questionnaire by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[40] Ibid.; and response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015. Different and inconsistent figures were reported in Zimbabwe’s Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for 2014.

[41] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Form F.

[42] See, Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Form F; and Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” p. 1, respectively.

[43] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Annex 1, “Zimbabwe Mine Action Workplan for 2015–2017,” p. 1.

[44] Responses to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015; and by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[45] Response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015.

[46] Response to NPA questionnaire by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[47] Ibid. Different and inconsistent figures were reported in Zimbabwe’s Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for 2014.

[48] ZIMAC reported that HALO destroyed 3,409 antipersonnel mines. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Form G.

[49] ZIMAC reported that NPA destroyed 196 antipersonnel mines.

[50] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Forms F and G.

[51] ZIMAC also reports that 162,000 “mines” were destroyed in 2014 in accordance with Article 5 under Form F of its Article 7 report. It then reports on the same form that a total of 3,734 antipersonnel mines were destroyed in HALO’s area of operations, 3,295 in the NMCS’s, and a further 181 antipersonnel mines destroyed in NPA’s areas of operations, or a total of 7,210 antipersonnel mines destroyed during the same reporting period. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for 2014), Form F.

[52] Decision on Zimbabwe’s Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 26 June 2014. In granting its latest Article 5 deadline extension request, its fourth, States Parties stated that Zimbabwe had not complied with the principal commitment it made under previous extension requests “to garner an understanding of the true remaining extent of the challenge and to develop plans accordingly and precisely project the amount of time that will be required to complete Article 5 implementation.” They noted, however, that Zimbabwe had made progress towards building capacity and increasing efficiency by engaging support from international organizations and developing survey and clearance plans for the remaining contamination. Decision on Zimbabwe’s Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 26 June 2014.

[53] Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, pp. 5–6.

[54] This is composed of 432,000m2 in Musengezi to Rwenya minefield, 550,000m2 in Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner minefield, and 250,000m2 in Rusitu to Muzite Mission minefield. Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 5.

[55] Ibid., pp. 5–6.

[56] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 5.

[57] Ibid., p. 7.

[58] Response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015.

[59] Response to NPA questionnaire by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[60] Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 6.

[61] Analysis of Zimbabwe’s Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, p. 7; and Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, p. 22. Previously in 2013, the government of Zimbabwe reported contributing US$800,000 to its mine action program. A breakdown of this contribution was not provided. In 2012, Zimbabwe received international assistance for mine action for the first time since 1999.

[62] Email from Tom Dibb, HALO, 17 October 2015.

[63] Response to NPA questionnaire by Learnfirst Musiza, NPA, received by email from Chris Natale, NPA, 29 April 2015.

[64] Response to NPA questionnaire by Tom Dibb, HALO, 28 April 2015.

[65] HALO, “Zimbabwe: The Solution,” undated.