Landmine Monitor 2013

Support for Mine Action

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© HALO Trust, August 2013
Prince Harry of the United Kingdom (far right) visits Cuito Cuanavale in Angola with the HALO Trust to witness mine clearance ahead of land being returned to cultivation by communities.

 

Article 6 of the Mine Ban Treaty recognizes the right of each State Party to seek and receive assistance from other States Parties in fulfilling its treaty obligations. The Monitor reports annually on support for mine action by affected countries and on international mine action assistance reported by donor states. In most cases, the Monitor relies on responses to requests for information sent to donors and affected states.

Key developments in 2012

Donors and affected states contributed approximately US$681 million in international and national support for mine action in 2012,[1] $19 million more than in 2011, and $44 million more than in 2010. In addition to those contributions, appropriations from the UN General Assembly for mine action within nine peacekeeping operations provided $113 million in 2012, a 25% increase compared with 2011.

International support for victim assistance from mine action funding sources totaled $32 million, compared to $30 million in 2011, which was the lowest annual total for direct international support for victim assistance activities since the Monitor began reporting by sector in 2007. This sum accounts only for contributions dedicated to victim assistance activities from mine action funding sources, while many donors support victim assistance activities through other development or disability activities.[2]

The top 10 donors and recipients remained mostly the same as they have since 2006. Afghanistan received more funding than any other country for the tenth consecutive year, and seven states and the European Union (EU) contributed 80% of funding in 2012.

A study[3] commissioned by the UN Global Protection Cluster[4] concluded that mine action was well funded, largely because of its unique structure, donor funding strategies, and the need to meet treaty obligations.

International contributions

In 2012, 39 donors contributed $497 million in international support for mine action in 52 affected states and four other areas, representing an increase of $30 million (6.4%) from 2011.[5] This is the largest annual total of donor contributions ever recorded by the Monitor, dating back to 1992.

The vast majority of funding came from just a few sources. Contributions from the top eight mine action donors—the United States (US), the EU, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK)—accounted for 80% of all donor funding. This is similar to 2011.

The top six recipient states—Afghanistan, Lao PDR, Iraq, Cambodia, Somalia, and Libya—received 47% of the total international support. Donors contributed $57.6 million to institutions, organizations, and trust funds without designating a recipient state, including nearly $34.7 million to the ICRC, Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD). The UN and organizations engaged in advocacy efforts also received global funds.[6]

The majority of funding was provided for activities in the following sectors: clearance and risk education (84% of all funding), victim assistance (6%), advocacy (3%), and various funding that was not disaggregated by the donors (7%). Of the total contribution to victim assistance, 55% was provided to international and domestic NGOs.

National contributions

Twenty-eight affected states provided $184 million, 27% of global funding, in national support for their own mine action programs, a decrease of $11 million (6%) compared with 2011.

International Contributions in 2012

In 2012, 39 donors reported contributing $497 million in international support for mine action. This represents an increase of $30 million (6.4%) from the $467 million reported in 2011, and is the largest annual amount of donor contributions recorded by the Monitor. Support went to 52 states and four areas, with $57.6 million not earmarked for any specific country.

International contributions for mine action in 2012 totaled more than $430 million for a seventh consecutive year. Since 2006, when international assistance for mine action jumped from $371 million to $464 million, funding has ranged from $437 million to $497 million per year.

International support for mine action by yearSupport Graph 1

Donors

In 2012, 26 States Parties, seven states not party, the EU, and five international institutions contributed $497 million to mine action. Australia, the EU, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK, and the US contributed 80% of the funding. Another three donors contributed more than $10 million, while 14 of the 39 donors contributed less than $1 million.

Funding in 2012 increased by $30 million, led by the EU (up $41.4 million)[7], the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (up $11 million), and Japan (up $14.6 million), followed by a combined increase of $12.6 million by Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, and the US. [8]

However, 20 donors contributed less in 2012 than they did in 2011, including a $10.2 million decrease from Canada, which resulted in the lowest contribution Canada has made since the Mine Ban Treaty entered into force in 1999. In 2012, Australia contributed $23.0 million, down from its 2011 peak of $45.7 million, but consistent with its five-year average of approximately $26 million.

Summary of Annual changes: 2012

Donors

Increase/Decrease

EU, UAE, and Japan

$67.4 million increase

Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, and US

$12.6 million increase

20 other donors

Less than in 2011

Australia and Canada

$31.9 million decrease

Brazil was the only new donor in 2012, contributing $100,000 through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (VTF) administered by the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) for Libya.

Three donors from 2011—the Czech Republic, Romania, and the International Road Union in Afghanistan—did not contribute to mine action in 2012.

Funding paths

In addition to bilateral aid, donors provided funding via several trust fund mechanisms, including: the VTF, administered by UNMAS; the Cluster Munition Trust Fund for Lao PDR, administered by the UNDP; the ITF Enhancing Human Security established by the government of Slovenia; the Common Humanitarian Fund in South Sudan; and the NATO Partnership for Peace Fund (PfP).

In 2012, 28 donors[9] contributed $59 million to the VTF, of which 96% was earmarked, compared to 28 donors and $75 million in 2011 and 19 donors and $63 million in 2010. Australia, the EU, Japan, the Netherlands, and the UK were the largest donors to the VTF, representing 67% of all contributions. Several small donors used the VTF to contribute to mine action, including Andorra, Brazil, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Oman, and South Korea.[10]

Contributions by donor: 2008–2012[11]

Donor

Contribution ($ million)

Total

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

US

134.4

131.4

129.6

118.7

85.0

599.1

EU

60.7

19.3

49.8

48.1

22.8

200.7

Japan

57.6

43.0

46.8

48.0

51.4

246.8

Norway

48.4

53.4

50.3

35.7

36.7

224.5

Netherlands

24.1

21.3

22.8

18.4

28.3

114.9

Australia

24.0

45.7

24.4

19.4

18.2

131.7

Germany

23.8

23.6

23.4

23.7

26.7

121.2

UK

22.0

18.0

16.3

17.9

24.9

99.1

Switzerland

18.4

17.5

15.7

15.0

15.1

81.7

Sweden

14.1

12.2

13.0

14.9

18.9

73.1

UAE

13.4

2.0

0

0

0

15.4

Denmark

8.7

9.8

10.2

11.2

14.7

54.6

Belgium

7.2

8.1

11.9

10.4

10.5

48.1

Finland

7.2

7.4

6.7

6.9

7.4

35.6

Canada

6.8

17.0

30.1

18.8

43.2

115.9

Other donors*

5.3

11.5

5.8

4.8

2.8

30.2

New Zealand

5.4

4.3

3.3

2.2

2.7

17.9

Ireland

3.6

4.0

4.5

5.2

7.2

24.5

Italy

2.8

3.4

4.0

3.9

10.2

24.3

Iran

2.5

2.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.0

France

2.0

1.3

3.6

4.5

3.9

15.3

Spain

1.3

5.3

5.4

14.6

15.6

42.2

Saudi Arabia

1.1

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.5

3.6

Luxembourg

1.0

2.2

0.9

1

1.2

6.3

Austria

0.9

2.8

1.9

2.1

2.7

10.4

 

496.7

467.0

480.4

446.4

451.6

2,342.1

* Other donors in 2012 included Andorra, Brazil, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Oman, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Common Humanitarian Fund (Sudan), Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF, Peru), NATO Partnership for Peace Fund (PfP), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and UNDP. All of them contributed less than $1 million with the exception of the NATO PfP Fund, which contributed $1,161,917 to Azerbaijan for clearance operations on the border with Georgia, and UNDP which contributed $1,282,893 to Tajikistan and Azerbaijan.

Donors allocated $21 million in 2012 through the ITF Enhancing Human Security trust fund, down from $25 million in 2011,[12] and $4.1 million to the Organization of American States (OAS) for mine action programs in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[13]

In 2012 the Global Protection Cluster[14] commissioned a study[15] to assess the apparent decline in protection funding, which includes mine action. The study concluded overall funding was not in decline but rather was uncertain and fluctuates by country from year to year. It concluded mine action, in contrast to the other areas, was consistently well-funded. It found that geopolitical factors, particularly Mine Ban Treaty obligations, were the primary reasons for this consistent overall annual funding even if there were annual fluctuations or volatility among donors and recipient countries. Additionally, most donors have a mine action funding strategy and separate budget lines for allocating the funding to a limited number of mine-affected countries, unlike most other sectors.

Recipients

A total of 52 states and four other areas received $439 million from 39 donors in 2012. A further $58 million, designated as “global” in the table below, was provided to institutions, NGOs, trust funds, and UN agencies without a designated recipient state or area. The number of donors for each country, and the amount of support each country received, ranged from one donor contributing several hundred thousand dollars to 19 donors contributing $90 million (for Afghanistan).[16] Fourteen states and one area, or 29% of recipients, had only one donor, a clear indication of weak support.[17] The funding for eight of these 15 single-donor recipients was either for victim assistance or risk education. The other seven recipients received funding for clearance operations.

Of the 56 recipients in 2012, 11 received less than $1 million. As in previous years, a small number of countries received the majority of the funding. The top recipient states—Afghanistan, Lao PDR, Iraq, Somalia, Cambodia, Libya, and South Sudan—received nearly half of the total international support, the same as in 2011. For the five years from 2008 to 2012, support to Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Lebanon, and Sudan, in addition to funds categorized as “global,” consumed 62% of all contributions.

The largest increases were in Mali, Myanmar, and Somalia with $41.2 million combined in 2012 compared to $4.7 million in 2011.

Of the six new recipients in 2012, Mali received the most support with $7.7 million, including $6 million from Japan as well as contributions from France, Sweden, and the UK. The other five new recipients—the Philippines, Syria, India, Senegal, and Zimbabwe—received a total of $9.2 million.

Top recipients of international contributions: 2012

Recipient

2012

 

Recipient

2012

Afghanistan

90.6

 

Somaliland

4.4

Global

57.6

 

Yemen

3.7

Lao PDR

41.2

 

Chad

3.6

Iraq

34.0

 

Palau

2.7

Somalia

25.0

 

Serbia

2.6

Cambodia

21.5

 

Ethiopia

2.5

Libya

20.7

 

Palestine

2.4

South Sudan

19.0

 

Azerbaijan

2.1

Lebanon

17.3

 

Peru

2.0

Colombia

15.6

 

Croatia

1.9

Angola

13.7

 

Georgia

1.7

Mozambique

13.7

 

Zimbabwe

1.7

Democratic Republic of Congo

13.2

 

Mauritania

1.4

Sri Lanka

12.5

 

Congo

1.3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

9.2

 

Kosovo

1.3

Vietnam

8.7

 

Egypt

1.2

Myanmar

8.5

 

Niger

1.1

Mali

7.7

 

Benin

1.0

Tajikistan

6.6

 

Nepal

1.0

Senegal

5.7

 

Syria

1.0

Sudan

4.8

 

Other

4.9

Jordan

4.4

 

Total

496.7

Global refers to funds from donors which were not earmarked for use within a designated recipient state or area and were allocated to institutions, NGOs, trust funds, the UN, the ICRC, or GICHD. Most advocacy funding is contained within this category of funding.

Other recipients include Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Burundi, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guinea-Bissau, India, FYR Macedonia, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Uganda, as well as Nagorno-Karabakh and Western Sahara.

Funding by Thematic Sector

More than 80% of mine action funding supported clearance and risk education activities in 2012. Victim assistance contributions from mine action funding sources were $32 million compared to $30 million in 2011. In both 2011 and 2012, 6% of mine action support was allocated to victim assistance, down from 9% in 2008–2010, which indicates reflecting that victim assistance did not benefit from the overall increase in global mine action funding.

Contributions by thematic sector: 2010–2012

Sector

Year

2010

2011

2012

Clearance/ risk education

409

399

417

Victim assistance

43

30

32

Various

16

19

35

Advocacy

11

12

13

Stockpile destruction

1

7

0

Total

480

467

497

Victim assistance

Dedicated international support for victim assistance activities totaled $32 million in 2012, about the same as in 2011 ($30 million).

The Monitor does not provide a global breakdown of nationally-allocated resources for victim assistance because adequate data is not available. As the Monitor’s country profiles on victim assistance indicate, nationally-allocated resources through health, education, labor, and social welfare agencies and organizations (both governmental and non-governmental) largely support programs and activities that target persons with disabilities, regardless of the cause of the injury or disability, including landmine and cluster munition survivors. Funding and expenditures for programs that benefit the larger disability community are not disaggregated in Article 7 annual reports or other sources to account for support that reaches mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) survivors.

Of the $32 million in direct contributions for victim assistance in 2012, almost 80% came from the US, Norway, Australia, and New Zealand. Twenty-two mine-affected countries did not receive any direct international support for victim assistance. Of the countries and other areas that received mine action support in 2012, those receiving victim assistance funding included 19 States Parties, 10 states not party, and one other area.[18]

Victim assistance funding by donor

Donor

Amount
($)

 

Donor

Amount
($)

US

15,464,514

 

Switzerland

479,898

Norway

4,174,984

 

Austria

405,059

Australia

2,797,958

 

Canada

305,877

New Zealand

2,512,550

 

Belgium

280,406

Germany

967,523

 

Japan

245,865

Spain

945,137

 

Slovenia

202,251

Denmark

863,230

 

Taiwan

200,000

Finland

771,540

 

Monaco

198,795

Italy

732,963

 

Netherlands

83,632

EU

514,360

 

Liechtenstein

53,322

 

 

 

Total

32,199,864

 

Victim assistance funding by recipient

Recipient

Amount
($)

 

Recipient

Amount
($)

Global

8,947,000

 

Bosnia and Herzegovina

210,348

Afghanistan

3,875,247

 

South Sudan

168,610

Colombia

2,937,160

 

Palestine

168,294

Myanmar

2,522,041

 

Albania

160,738

Vietnam

2,103,821

 

Regional Americas

158,504

Cambodia

1,938,204

 

Uganda

144,492

Ethiopia

1,685,231

 

Croatia

133,330

Lao PDR

1,607,030

 

El Salvador

124,719

Peru

1,016,111

 

Georgia

122,929

Nepal

1,000,000

 

Mozambique

107,540

Sri Lanka

644,755

 

Tajikistan

98,340

Iraq

548,025

 

Azerbaijan

63,561

Egypt

519,257

 

Lebanon

51,436

Niger

514,360

 

Kosovo

14,404

Chad

321,475

 

Belarus

13,328

DRC

267,000

 

FYR Macedonia

12,574

 

 

 

Total

32,199,864

Note: States Parties are indicated in bold. States not party and other areas (Kosovo) are indicated in italics.

Of the $32 million in contributions toward victim assistance activities in 2012, $17.7.million (55%) went directly to international and national NGOs, $11.3 million (35%) went through the ICRC and Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, $1.5 million (5%) went to the UN and the OAS, and $1.5 million (5%) went through ITF Enhancing Human Security.

Advocacy

In 2012, 3% of all reported support for mine action went toward advocacy activities ($13 million). Of the 39 donors reporting international contributions to mine action in 2012, 12 reported a supporting-advocacy activity, which was a decline of two donors from 2011, and four fewer than in 2010. Norway provided 65% of all funding for advocacy activities.

Advocacy activities included: support for the Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva and for the Third Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in Geneva, travel sponsorship through UNDP for government personnel, and the sponsorship program of the Mine Ban Treaty Implementation Support Unit. The CMC, the ICBL, Geneva Call, Handicap International, Norwegian People’s Aid, Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, and GICHD also received donor support for advocacy.

National Contributions

While there has been more transparency from affected states, national contributions for mine action activities continue to be under-reported overall as few States Parties report national funding in their annual Article 7 reports. Countries such as Algeria, India, Iran, Iraq, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam (all mine-affected states with significant contamination and major clearance operations, usually by the army) have never reported annual expenditures. Some unofficial estimates put annual government contributions to demining in Vietnam to be as much as $100 million.[19] Twenty-eight states and other areas reported $184 million in contributions to mine action from their national budgets in 2012. Angola ($77 million) and Croatia ($40 million) accounted for 64% of the total. Chile, Denmark, and Venezuela, as well as Taiwan, receive all of their mine action funding from domestic sources. The mine action program in Angola, Azerbaijan, and Croatia receive more than 80% of their funding from national sources.

Few states reported national contributions to victim assistance, exceptions being El Salvador ($3.4 million)[20] and Libya ($1.46 million).[21] In addition, though not generally reported, many affected states contributed to victim assistance through national funding for rehabilitation staff and other medical professionals.

Other Funding Paths

The $497 million in international support to mine action in 2012 represents reported government contributions under bilateral and international programs. It does not represent the complete expenditures for field operations. Other funding sources include national funding, foundations, private fundraising by NGOs, and mine action allocations in countries with peacekeeping operations.

Peacekeeping operations

Peacekeeping operations in Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Lebanon, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Western Sahara have mine action programs that are partially funded by UNGA assessments as part of peacekeeping mission budgets. In 2012, more than $113 million, which was a 25% increase, was allocated for mine action to peacekeeping missions globally, including $62 million in Sudan (Darfur) and South Sudan.

Peacekeeping assessed funds for mine action[22]

State/other area

Peacekeeping operation

Assessed funds for mine action
($)

South Sudan

UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)

37,258,583

Somalia

African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)

32,377,750

South Sudan

UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)

14,505,082

Sudan

UN Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)

10,115,000

DRC

UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)

7,760,280

Côte d’Ivoire

UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI)

6,188,450

Western Sahara

UN Mission for the organization of a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)

2,600,590

Syria

UN Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)

1,428,000

Lebanon

UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)

1,362,750

Total

 

113,596,485

 

[1] This figure represents reported government contributions under bilateral and international programs. For more information on funding contributed via other mechanisms, see Other Funding Paths section below. Mine action support includes funding related to landmines, cluster munitions, and unexploded ordnance.

[2] It is difficult to assess the amount of funding for victim assistance activities because many donors report that they provide support for victims through more general programs for development and the rights of persons with disabilities.

[3] Julian Murray and Joseph Landry, “Study on Protection Funding in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies,” Julian Murray Consulting, 17 September 2013, reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/protection-funding-study-final-report-1.pdf.

[4] Global Protection Cluster, www.globalprotectioncluster.org. UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) represents mine action in the Global Protection Cluster.

[5] The 52 states and four other areas identified in 2012 were: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iraq, Jordan, Lao PDR, Lebanon, Libya, FYR Macedonia, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Palau, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Yemen, and Zimbabwe; as well as Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, Somaliland, and Western Sahara.

[6] The Monitor reports funding by donor and recipient states. If a contribution cannot be traced to a recipient state it is categorized as “global.”

[7] The increase of $41.4 million in 2012 from the EU is largely the result of support to mine action programs in 15 countries, compared to eight in 2011.

[8] The UAE committed $25 million in 2011 over a three-year period to Afghanistan and in 2012 spent $13 million of the $25 million, compared with $2 million in 2011.

[9] Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Common Humanitarian Fund, Denmark, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, and the US.

[10] UNMAS Annual Report 2012, New York, August 2013, p. 39,
www.mineaction.org/sites/default/files/publications/UNMAS-Annual-Report-2012-final.pdf.

[11] The amount for each donor has been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand. Source information can be found in the respective Country Profiles at www.the-monitor.org.

[12] ITF Enhancing Human Security Annual Report 2012, Slovenia, 2013, pp. 35–36, www.itf-fund.si/public/upload/brosure/itf_ar_2012.pdf.

[13] Email from Carl Case, General Coordinator, OAS, 27 June 2013.

[14] The Global Protection Cluster is an inter-agency forum for coordination of activities in response to humanitarian emergencies. UNMAS represents mine action in the Global Protection Cluster, www.globalprotectioncluster.org.

[15] Julian Murray and Joseph Landry, “Study on Protection Funding in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies,” Julian Murray Consulting, 17 September 2013, reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/protection-funding-study-final-report-1.pdf.

[16] Afghanistan alone received more than $500 million from 2008–2012, representing 22% of funding over the five-year period.

[17] These were: Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Benin, Burundi, El Salvador, Guinea-Bissau, India, FYR Macedonia, Nepal, Niger, Syria, and Thailand, as well as Nagorno-Karabakh.

[18] The States Parties that received international assistance for victim assistance were Afghanistan, Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Croatia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Iraq, FYR Macedonia, Mozambique, Niger, Peru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, and Yemen. States not party that were recipients of international assistance for victim assistance were Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lao PDR, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Palestine, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. The one area was Kosovo.

[19] Email from Ted Paterson, Head, Strategic Management, GICHD, 12 September 2012; and Ted Paterson, “Financing Mine Action in Vietnam,” presented at Mine Action Donor Roundtable Meeting, Hanoi, 5 December 2011.

[20] Fondo de Protección de Lisiados y Discapacitados a Consecuencia del Conflicto Armado (Protection Fund for the Disabled and Injured as a Result of the Armed Conflict), or “The Protection Fund,” 190.120.23.13/especial/.

[21] ITF Enhancing Human Security Annual Report 2012, Slovenia, 2013, p. 36, www.itf-fund.si/public/upload/brosure/itf_ar_2012.pdf.

[22] UNMAS Annual Report 2012, New York, August 2013, pp.43–52,
www.mineaction.org/sites/default/files/publications/UNMAS-Annual-
Report-2012-final.pdf
.